![]() Read more: The strange tale of the hovertrain, the British hyperloop of the 1970sĬhanging the shape of the trains is not the only way to combat this problem. The ideal nose shape would actually be a half-sphere, but practical constraints – like having somewhere for the driver to sit – make this difficult. The ALFA-X design seeks to minimise this by reducing the cross-sectional area at the front of the train, meaning it takes longer for the pressure wave to build up to begin with. The flatter the front of the train, the quicker a pressure wave builds up in the tunnel, creating a bigger change in pressure when it exits. “The reason for the 'odd' nose shapes is to decrease the gradient of a pressure wave which is created as a train enters into a tunnel, with a view to decreasing micro-pressure wave emission at the tunnel exits,” says Soper. In the 1970s, Japan's Shinkansen created problems with cracked windows on nearby houses, and sonic booms that could be heard up to 400 metres away. As trains leave a tunnel, the sudden pressure drop can create micro-pressure waves. ![]()
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